Plant resistance to arthropods molecular and conventional approaches synthesizes new information about the environmental advantages of plant resistance, transgenic resistance, the molecular. Department of entomology university ofcalifornia riverside. Rather than finding insects to attack the pests, breeders look for genetic traits or combinations of traits that reduce an organisms susceptibility to attack or. We show that entomopathogenic nematodes that are exposed to the western corn rootworm, an important agricultural pest that sequesters defense metabolites. These adaptations structure ecosystems and limit our capacity to use biological control agents to manage specialized agricultural pests. The first transgenic crop plants showing insect resistance were grown commercially with modification of the cry gene isolated from b.
Screening techniques for determining resistance the most crucial and, perhaps, the most difficult task in breeding for insect resistance is the identification of. Oct 17, 2017 mihm ja 1985 breeding for host plant resistance to maize stem borers. Insects and diseases are important constraints to rice production, and breeding pestresistant rice cultivars is one of the. Pdf advances in breeding for resistance to insects researchgate. The protein is an effective antimetabolite against a range of field and storage pests 1. For example, plant resistance to insects is compatible with insecticide use, while biological control is not. The attention pri now receives in extension publications is also.
Breeding or engineering biological control agents that resist plant defense metabolites may improve their capacity to kill important agricultural pests such as the western corn rootworm. The following breeding methods are used for developing insect resistant cultivars. Start studying chapter 14 plant breeding breeding for resistance to diseases and insect pests. The farmers have to use resistant varieties for growing the crops and plant breeders need to develop resistant genotypes using various sources as described earlier. Types of genetic host resistance and their breeding approaches. The changes of plant characteristics in breeding programme have positive, negative or neutral effect on insects. In crop plants such as 1 reduction in plant growth or stunting. Many of the alleles confering insect resistance are recessive, and management strategies have focused on ensuring that a sufficient number of susceptible insects are. It also provides an overview of the fascinating field of insectplant relationships, which is fundamental to the study of hostplant resistance to insects. Everything you need to need about breeding for disease and insect resistance. Plant defense resistance in natural enemies of a specialist. Breeding insect resistant crops for sustainable agriculture.
Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Ten genotypes had significantly less insect injury than picadito, a commercial boniatotype sweetpotato grown extensively in southern florida. Resistance to barley ymv has been introduced into susceptible breeding lines by haploid breeding, medium late. Crops are required to be disease, resistant, as a wide range of fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens that affect the yield of cultivated crop species, especially in. If commercial crop varieties are selected as a source of donor, pure line selection, mass selection, or hybridization with elite germplasm is done for improvement. Certain adapted insect herbivores utilize plant toxins for selfdefense against their own enemies. It also provides an overview of the fascinating field of insect plant relationships, which is fundamental to the study of host plant resistance to insects. The insect resistance in host crop plants may be due to the morphological, biochemical or physiological characteristics. Breeding for resistance to insect pests in maize springerlink. It results from insect plant coevolution and is crucial for their coexistence. The breeding for insect resistance is most important because many crops in india are affected by various insects. Plant resistance is specific, only affecting the target pest. The genetic basis of plant resistanc e was elucidated b y h. Insect resistant corn and cotton have been credited with reducing the amount of chemical insecticides applied worldwide to those crops by 6.
Host plant resistance to insects in integrated pest. During plant domestication, some important features of plant resistance may be inadvertantly removed by the breeders, increasing their susceptibility. Breeding programs for host plant resistance exist for alfalfa. During plant domestication, some important features of plant resistance may be inadvertantly removed by. These have gained importance and, in some cases, produced. Introduction to biotechnology regulation for pesticides. Plant breeding is an art and science, which tells us ways and means to change the genetic architecture of plants so as to attain a particular objective. Early farmers discovered that some crop plants could be artificially mated or crosspollinated to increase yields. Meristem tip culture can be used to produce virus free plants. Haploid production has been used for introduction of disease resistance into the cultivars. Bt irm is of great importance because of the threat insect resistance poses to the future use of bt microbial pesticides and bt plant incorporated protectants. This video describes about plant breeding for developing resistance to insect pest. A fundamental component of ipm radcliffes ipm world textbook hostplant resistance hpr to insect pests is considered one of the key tactics for insect control, particularly in developing countries where utilization of other control methods. Plant breeding is a method of altering the genetic pattern of plants to increase their value and utility for human welfare.
In crop plants, various disorders caused by pathogens are called disease. Index sn lecture page no lec 01 aims and objectives of plant breeding 15 lec 02 modes of reproduction 610 lec 03 apomixis classification and significance in plant breeding 1116 lec 04 modes of pollination 1721 lec 05 classification of plants 2224 lec 06 botanical description and floral biology 2529 lec 07 maize zea mays 2n 20 3033. Many of the crops widely grown today stem from a very narrow genetic base. These findings illustrate how predators can counter the plant based resistance strategies of specialized insect herbivores.
For example, resistance to jassids in cotton and cereal leaf beetle in wheat. Various disease causing organisms such as fungi, bacteria, viruses and mycoplasma refer to pathogen. During sporulation, insecticidal protein crystals called bt toxins were produced by this grampositive. Specific irm strategies, such as the high dosestructured refuge strategy, will mitigate insect resistance to specific bt proteins produced in corn, cotton, and potatoes. Plant resistance is a classical and proven alternative crop protection strategy that is the basic tool of integrated pest management. Environmental factors influencing the magnitude and expression of resistance. This has been particularly dramatic in cotton, where the use of bt varieties has been integral to campaigns to eradicate major pests such as the pink bollworm from cotton. Nov 28, 2017 insect pests are usually controlled using insecticides, but the increasing occurrence of insecticide. Aug 16, 2012 biological and economic effects of plant pathogens and pests. Definition, aim, objectives and scope of plant breeding definition. Prebreeding tomato for optimized acylsugarmediated insect resistance martha mutschler1, darlene dejong1, john smeda2, taylor anderson1, diane ullman3 1 plant breeding and genetics section, sips, cornell university 2 formerly plant breeding and genetics section, cornell university. Definition, aim, objectives and scope of plant breeding. Through these techniques, plant breeders have been able to produce cultivars of agriculturally significant plants with genes for resistance to many diseases that were not possible before the advent of dna. Identifying plant material resistant to insects the first step in breeding insect resistant plants is the identification of plant material that contains resistance genes against the pest insect.
Breeding systems for resistance breeding for resistance in specific crops. Mihm ja 1985 breeding for host plant resistance to maize stem borers. It is concluded that the recent developments in biotechnology demonstrate that bt is merely the beginning of a. What breeding methods are used for developing insect resistant cultivars. It results from insectplant coevolution and is crucial for their coexistence. Screening techniques for determining resistance the most crucial and, perhaps, the most difficult task in breeding for insect resistance is the identification of insect resistant plant during segregation generations. Plant resistance to insects is not density dependent, whereas biological control is. Resisting the plant defense metabolites likely allows the nematodes to infect and kill the western corn rootworm more efficiently.
Genetic engineering and insect resistance showket a dar, amir b wani and ajaz a kandoo. This article describes the growing interest in breeding insectresistant plants, especially using the newer techniques of genetic engineering. Plant resistance to insects is a natural phenomenon based on plant selfdefense mechanisms. Nov 12, 2019 these findings illustrate how predators can counter the plant based resistance strategies of specialized insect herbivores. The erosion of horizontal resistance while breeding for race specific vertical resistance is called the vertifolia effect after the potato cultivar. Plant breeding for developing resistance to insect pests. Breeding or engineering biological control agents that resist plant. Insects attack all the crop plants and lead to considerable losses in yield as well as quality.
Biological and economic effects of plant pathogens and pests. Based on evolutionary concept sympatric resistance. Plant tolerance and plant resistance are ways that plants deal with stressors in their environment. The place and methods of breeding for insect resistance in. Mechanisms of defense in plants against pathogens and pests. Host plant resistance for insect control in some important crop plants. The important characters that lead to pest resistance are. Overview of the methods for control of plant pathogens and pests. Insect resistance in sweetpotato plant introduction accessions. Plant breeding is the science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics. Pdf development of eggplant varietal resistance to insects.
Plant breeding can be accomplished through many different techniques ranging from simply selecting plants with desirable characteristics for propagation, to methods that make use of knowledge of. Plant breeding can be defined as an art and science and technology of improving the genetic make up of plants in relation to their economic use for the man kind. Insect resistance in host crop plants may be due to morphological, biochemical or physiological characteristics. Breeding for insect resistance most important because many crops are affected by insects. In the case of tolerance, the plant has strategies that helps it to. Cotton is attacked by more than 160 species of insects of these a dozen are major pests. Genetic engineering of plants for insect resistance. This book isintended for use in advanced courses on host plant resistance or by researchers actively involved in plant breeding for pest and disease. Marker assisted selection in comparison to conventional. Neet bio plant breeding for developing resistance to. The first gene to be successfully transferred to another plant species resulting in enhanced insect resistance was isolated from cowpea and encoded the trypsintrypsin inhibitor cpti.
Successful commercial plant breeding concerns were founded from the late 19th century. Download pdf plant breeding for pest and disease resistance. Transgenic plants for insect resistance sciencedirect. Many of these sweetpotato genotypes have high levels of resistance to soil insect pests, and they may be useful as sources of insect resistance for use in sweetpotato breeding programs. In this article we will discuss about the methods of plant breeding for disease and pest resistance. Lecture 16 host plant resistance definition types and. Conventional breeding for insect resistance has, in general, lagged behind disease resistance however, there is germplasm with resistance to insectpests, including faw breeding for insectpest resistance requires good knowledge of the biology of the host as well as the pest effectiveness depends upon.
Basics of insect resistance to in plant breeding morphological factors hairiness cotton and beans, color red versus green cabbage, solid stem wheat stem sawfly toughness of tissues cotton physiological factors osmotic concentrations, gummy exudates biochemical factors high silica content in rice stem borer, benzyl alcohol in wheat and barley. Plant breeding for insect resistance like disease, insects are important causal factors of biotic stress in crop plants. In techniques of scoring for resistance to the major insect pests of maize edited by singh, j. Plant disease resistance protects plants from pathogens in two ways. Breeding for resistance to disease and insect pestsbiotic. At the most basic level, the difference between tolerance and resistance is related to how the plant defends itself. Crops are required to be disease, resistant, as a wide range of fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens that affect the yield of cultivated crop species, especially in tropical climates. Breeding for host plant resistance nc state university. Plant breeding is the art and science of improving the heredity of plants for the benefit of.
Chapter 14 plant breeding breeding for resistance to. Breeding for resistance to diseases and insect pests principles of. Development of eggplant varietal resistance to insects and diseases via plant breeding. All india coordinated maize improvement project, iari, new delhi. Wiley, new york, 286 p smith cm 2005 plant resistance to arthropods. Acquired by coevolution of plant and insect gene for gene. Resistance and tolerance are plants best defense mechanisms.
Pdf development of eggplant varietal resistance to. Conventional plant breeding has been going on for hundreds of years, and is still commonly used today. Breeding f or resistance to insects present s some difficult ies. Breeding for insect resistance linkedin slideshare. Relative to a susceptible plant, disease resistance is the reduction of pathogen growth on or in the plant and hence a reduction of disease, while the term disease tolerance describes plants that exhibit little disease damage. Plant breeding definition, methods, steps and videos. It has been used to improve the quality of nutrition in products for humans and animals.
Genes for insect resistance from various sources 3. Plant breeding can be accomplished through many different techniques ranging from simply selecting plants with desirable characteristics for propagation, to more complex molecular techniques. Often such genes are present in landraces of the crop or in wild relatives of the crop species. Let us say a plant breeder observes a particularly good habit in a plant, but with poor flower color, and in another plant of the same type he sees good color but poor habit. It is a purposeful manipulation of plants to create desired plant types that are better suited for cultivation, give better yield and are disease resistant. Breeding for resistance to diseases and insect pests.
1392 244 1130 1351 948 522 1278 1101 103 946 843 509 397 1066 175 1060 618 1103 162 801 1006 1052 692 308 569 1065 53 1103 392 419 130 607 484 1115 387 1154